processor essay Essay Example

processor exposition Essay Example processor exposition Essay processor exposition Essay Each PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this goes about as the cerebrum of your framework. It interfaces with the Motherboard and works nearby different parts handling numerous directions simultaneously between the distinctive equipment and memory frameworks. Progressions in CPU innovation currently mean frameworks regularly accompany Dual Core, Triple center or Quad Core processors (on one single chip) rather than the customary one center for each chip. Presently the complete number of Cores can space into an attachment as in the past and a solitary warmth sink and fan can hold everything to the correct temperature. Sorts of processors: Intel Pentium Dual Core Processors The Intel Pentium processors with Intel double center innovation convey extraordinary work area execution, low force improvements, and performing multiple tasks for ordinary registering. Intel Dual Core 13 Processors Intel Core 13 double center processors furnish 4-way performing multiple tasks ability with worked in execution headroom for programming overhauls. Intel Dual Core 15 Processors Intel Core 15 processors convey the following degree of efficiency. With Intel Turbo Boost Technology this quad-center processor with 4-way performing multiple tasks capacity conveys additional speed at whatever point you need. Intel Dual Core 17 Processors The Intel Core 17 processors convey top tier execution for the most requesting applications. This quad-center processor highlights 8-way performing multiple tasks capacity and extra L3 store. My own view is there is little contrast between utilizing the two makes and have run many steady and quick frameworks utilizing the two makes. The AMD processors do will in general run more sweltering than the Intel forms, however with an appropriate fan this is effortlessly monitored. How processors functions: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Figure 1: The Central Processing Unit The PC accomplishes its essential work in a piece of the machine we can't see, a control enter that changes over information contribution to data yield. This control place, called the focal handling unit (CPL]), is an exceptionally intricate, broad arrangement of electronic hardware that executes put away program directions. All PCs, enormous and little, must have a focal handling unit. As Figure 1 shows, the focal preparing unit comprises of two sections: The control unit and the number juggling/rationale unit. Each part has a particular capacity. BeTore we Olscuss tne control unlt ana tne arltnmetlc/loglc unlt In aetall, we have to think about information stockpiling and its relationship to the focal preparing unit. PCs se two kinds of capacity: Primary stockpiling and optional stockpiling. The CPU cooperates intimately with essential stockpiling, or principle memory, alluding to it for the two directions and information. Hence this piece of the perusing will talk about memory with regards to the focal handling unit. In fact, in any case, memory isn't a piece of the CPL]. Review that a PCs memory holds information just incidentally, at the time the PC is executing a program. Optional capacity holds changeless or semi-lasting information on some outer attractive or optical medium. The diskettes and CD-ROM plates that you have seen with PCs are auxiliary stockpiling evices, as are hard circles. Since the physical characteristics of auxiliary stockpiling gadgets decide the manner in which information is sorted out on them, we will examine optional capacity and information association together in another piece of our on-line readings. Presently let us think about the parts of the focal preparing unit. 0 The Control Unit The control unit of the CPU contains hardware that utilizes electrical signs to guide the whole PC framework to complete, or execute, put away program directions. Like an ensemble chief, the control unit doesn't execute program guidelines; rather, it guides different pieces of the framework to do as such. The control unit must speak with both the number juggling/rationale unit and memory. The Arithmetic/Logic Unit The number juggling/rationale unit (ALL) contains the electronic hardware that executes all number-crunching and coherent activities. The number juggling/rationale unit can perform four sorts of number-crunching activities, or numerical computations: expansion, deduction, increase, and division. As its name suggests, the number juggling/rationale unit additionally performs intelligent tasks. A legitimate activity is generally a correlation. The unit can analyze numbers, letters, or uncomm on characters. The PC would then be able to make a move dependent on the aftereffect of the omparison. This is a significant ability. It is by contrasting that a PC is capable with tell, for example, regardless of whether there are unfilled seats on planes, whether charge-card clients have surpassed their credit cutoff points, and whether one contender for Congress has a larger number of votes than another. Sensible activities can test for three conditions: Equal-to condition. In a test for this condition, the number juggling/rationale unit looks at two qualities to decide whether they are equivalent. For instance: If the quantity of tickets sold equivalents the quantity of seats in the amphitheater, at that point the show is proclaimed sold out. Not as much as condition. To test for this condition, the PC looks at qualities to decide whether one is not exactly another. For instance: If the quantity of speeding tickets on an arlvers recoro Is less tnan tnree, tnen Insurance rates are $425; otnerwlse, tne rates are $500. More prominent than condition. In this kind of examination, the PC decides whether one worth is more prominent than another. For instance: If the hours an individual worked for the current week are more noteworthy than 40, at that point increase each additional hour by 1. multiple times the standard time-based compensation to figure extra time pay. A PC can at the same time test for more than one condition. Actually, a rationale unit can typically observe six coherent connections: equivalent to, not exactly, more prominent than, not exactly or equivalent to, more noteworthy than or equivalent to, and not equivalent. The images that let you characterize the sort of examination you need the PC to perform are called social administrators. The most widely recognized social administrators are the equivalent sign(=), the not as much as image(). Registers: Temporary Storage Areas Registers are transitory capacity regions for directions or information. They are not a piece of memory; rather they are exceptional extra stockpiling areas that offer the benefit of speed. Registers work under the course of the control unit to acknowledge, hold, and move directions or information and perform number juggling or intelligent examinations at rapid. The control unit utilizes an information stockpiling register the way a storekeeper utilizes a sales register-as a transitory, helpful spot to store what is utilized in exchanges. PCs for the most part dole out unique jobs to specific registers, including these registers: A gatherer, which gathers the consequence of calculations. A location register, which monitors where a given guidance or bit of information is put away in memory. Every capacity area in memory is distinguished by a location, Just as each house on a road has a location. A capacity register, which incidentally holds information taken from or going to be sent to memory. A broadly useful register, which is utilized for a few capacities. Memory and Storage Memory is otherwise called essential stockpiling, essential memory, principle stockpiling, inside capacity, primary memory, and RAM (Random Access Memory); every one of these terms are utilized conversely by individuals in PC circles. Memory is the piece of the PC that holds information and directions for preparing. Albeit firmly connected with the entral preparing unit, memory is discrete from it. Memory stores program guidelines or information for just as long as the program they relate to is in activity. Keeping these things in memory when the program isn't running isn't attainable for three reasons: Most kinds of memory just store things while the PC is turned on; information is obliterated when the machine is killed. On the off chance that more than one program is running without a moment's delay (regularly the case on huge PCs and some of the time on little PCs), a solitary program can not make a case for memory. There may not be room in memory to hold the prepared information.

Role of Banks in Real Estate Financing in Saudi Arabia Research Paper

Job of Banks in Real Estate Financing in Saudi Arabia - Research Paper Example The land blast in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has pulled in banks to subsidize the ventures in this segment. Banks financing land make a success win situation for the proprietors just as the banks. There are different lenders in land including the Saudi Arabia Government. The terms and conditions for the banks and other land agents differ contingent upon the undertaking and area. Banks have been assuming a significant job in financing land area in Saudi Arabia expanding the present blast in the division, loaning banks and the land proprietors benefit from this course of action which might be influenced by monetary and political elements raising a few difficulties which can unfavorably influence the gainfulness to the two accomplices. The land Sector The land division is one of the quickest developing on the planet if not the quickest. It is the main area on the planet that has opposed the standard right now. Regardless of downturn and monetary lull in the majority of the nations on the planet, the land part keeps on developing at a surprising pace. This has prompted expanded costs for both created properties and lacking area. A portion of the top hotspot markets for land on the planet today are: China: The most crowded nation on the planet has been getting appeal for lodging. Hong Kong, one of the quickest developing

Blog Archive Download mbaMission Insiders GuidesFor Free!

Blog Archive Download mbaMission Insiders GuidesFor Free! To celebrate the upcoming release of mbaMissions  2013â€"2014 Insiders Guidesâ€"70â€"90-page books that go beyond the stereotypes to reveal the true character of 15 of the top business schoolsâ€"we will offer one Insiders Guide for  free  each weekday from June 17 to July 9 (excluding July 4 and 5). Each day, we will tweet the link to the free Insiders Guide of the day, so be sure to follow @mbaMission on Twitter! Then, all you have to do is answer one quick question and sign up for our newsletter, and you will receive the PDF of the day,  free of charge! But act fast,  this offer is valid only from 12:00 to 2:00 p.m. EDT each day! Here is the giveaway schedule: Monday, June 17 UCLA Anderson School of Management Tuesday, June 18 Columbia Business School Wednesday, June 19 Darden School of Business Thursday, June 20 Duke Fuqua School of Business Friday, June 21 UC-Berkeley Haas School of Business Monday, June 24 Harvard Business School Tuesday, June 25 Kellogg School of Management Wednesday, June 26 NYU Stern School of Business Thursday, June 27 MIT Sloan School of Management Friday, June 28 Stanford Graduate School of Business Monday, July 1 Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth Tuesday, July 2 Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Wednesday, July 3 Chicago Booth School of Business Monday, July 8 Michigan Ross School of Business Tuesday, July 9   Yale School of Management All 15 2013â€"2014 mbaMission Insiders Guides will be available for purchase in our store next week! Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events

Habits and Traits of Jumping Spiders

When you look at a jumping spider, it will look right back at you with large, forward-facing eyes. They can be found throughout the world in the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Salticidae is the largest family of spiders, with over 5,000 species described worldwide. While more prevalent in the tropics, jumping spiders are abundant nearly everywhere in their range. Jumping Spider Traits Jumping spiders are small and scrappy carnivores. They are often fuzzy and measure less than a half inch in body length. Salticids can run, climb, and (as the common name suggests) jump. Prior to jumping, the spider attaches a silk thread to the surface beneath it, so it can climb quickly back to its perch if needed. Salticids, like most other spiders, have eight eyes. Their unique eye arrangement makes it easy to differentiate jumping spiders from other species. A jumping spider has four eyes on its face, with an enormous pair in the center, giving it an almost alien appearance. The remaining, smaller eyes are located on the dorsal surface of the cephalothorax (a structure combining the fused head and thorax). The Himalayan jumping spider (Euophrys omnisuperstes) lives at high elevations in the Himalayan mountains. They feed on insects that are  carried up the  mountain on the wind from lower elevations. The species name, omnisuperstes, means highest of all, so its not that surprising that specimens of this remarkable species have been found on Mount Everest at elevations of 22,000 feet. Fast facts: Jumping Spider Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: ArachnidaOrder: AraneaeFamily: Salticidae Diet and Life Cycle Jumping spiders hunt and feed on small insects. All are carnivorous, but a few species also eat pollen and nectar. Female jumping spiders build a silk case around their eggs and often stand guard over them until they hatch. (Youve probably seen these spiders with their eggs in corners of exterior windows or door frames.) Young jumping spiders emerge from the egg sac looking like miniature versions of their parents. They molt and grow into adulthood. Special Behaviors and Defenses As the common name suggests, a jumping spider can jump quite far, achieving distances more than 50 times its body length. If you examine their legs, however, youll notice that they are not strong or muscular in appearance. Rather than relying on muscle strength to leap, salticids are able to quickly increase the blood pressure in their legs, which causes the legs to extend and propel their bodies through the air. The size and shape of jumping spiders eyes give afford them excellent vision. Salticids use their enhanced sight to their advantage as hunters, employing their high-resolution vision to locate potential prey. Some jumping spiders mimic other insects such as ants. Others are able to camouflage themselves to blend into their surroundings, helping them sneak up on prey. Insects and spiders with heightened visual acuity often engage in elaborate courtship dances to attract mates, and jumping spiders are no exception to this rule. Sources Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects,  7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 3rd edition, by  P. J. Gullan and P. S. Cranston.  Family Salticidae - Jumping Spiders, Bugguide.net. Accessed online February 29, 2016.Salticidae, Tree of Life Web Project, Wayne Maddison. Accessed online February 29, 2016.Tales of the Himalaya: Adventures of a Naturalist, by Lawrence W. Swan.

Obtaining An Internship With The State Historic...

Securing an internship with the State Historic Preservation Office, a bureau within the Pennsylvania Historical Museum Commission, is perhaps one of the finest organizations for a graduate student to spend their summer. With a myriad of learning opportunities available, each student is given the ability to cultivate their knowledge through unanticipated avenues, creating a continually stimulating workplace. My experience at the State Historic Preservation Office is significantly advancing my future career due to the guidance and skills I receive, along with the professional relationships I acquire. Gaining insight into the inner workings of government organization’s relationship with the public, applying my newly acquired skills with the CRGIS and GeoMedia systems, strengthening my networking abilities to benefit my future career, and recognizing how varying bureaus work together, strengthens my aptitude as a professional historian. Likewise, working to meet my goals that I set forth in my internship application allows me to tailor my learning experience in order to gain insight into PHMC’s fundamentals, as well as how they help to inform the public, and where a historian can fit into this government agency. Since beginning my internship at the State Historic Preservation Office, my experience and skills have developed exponentially. Attaining proficiency in a professional level government organization has allowed me to appreciate how history works for the publicShow MoreRelatedConsumer Credit12385 Words   |  50 Pagesand another is secondary sources. 2.2 Time period: For the fulfillment of desired purpose following working days are spend to credit department .The time was Aug 02 to Nov 02 at Prime Bank Bangshal branch. 2.3 Data collection method: The internship report has been prepared on the basis of â€Å"on the job† with the Prime Bank Limited Bangshal Branch. In spite of the scarcity of the published data .it has been tried to make the report informative and handy. The data used in the report have beenRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesLibrary and Information Center Management Recent Titles in Library and Information Science Text Series Library and Information Center Management, Sixth Edition Robert D. Stueart and Barbara B. Moran United States Government Information: Policies and Sources Peter Hernon, Harold C. Relyea, Robert E. Dugan, and Joan F. Cheverie Library Information Systems: From Library Automation to Distributed Information Access Solutions Thomas R. Kochtanek and Joseph R. Matthews The Complete Guide to Acquisitions

Hypertension Hypertension And Essential Hypertension Essay

Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hy pertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc. Basically, arterial blood pressure (BP) is directly proportional to the product of blood flow (cardiac output, CO) and the resistance to passage of blood through pre-capillary arterioles (peripheral vascular resistance, PVR) Hypertension can be caused by either an increase in Cardiac Output (CO) or by an increase in Peripheral Resistance (PR) BP = CO X PVR Renin AngiotensinShow MoreRelatedStudy on Essential Hypertension2685 Words   |  11 PagesPRESENTATION BY: GIZELLE WILKINSON SUBJECT: ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION STUDENT NUMBER: M00037713 CLINICAL SCIENCES II INTRODUCTION Essential hypertension, otherwise known as primary or idiopathic hypertension, is a condition of raised blood pressure with no identifiable cause. Secondary hypertension occurs when blood pressure elevation results from a specific and potentially treatable cause. These include renal diseases, endocrine causes, congenital cardiovascular causesRead MoreControl And Essential Hypertension Patients1013 Words   |  5 PagesTable 2 shows WBCs count /cmm and differential leukocytic percentage(mean ± SD) of control and essential hypertension patients. It has been found that the WBCs counts (7138 ±1444) and differential leukocytic percentage of neutrophils (60.385 ±9.014),eosinophils (6.86 ±1.573) and monocytes (7.154 ±1.519)of patients were higher than those of controls. Table 3 and figures 1-3indicate the values of measurements of true cholinesterase activity in units/l in male and female patients as wellRead MoreA Relationship Between Some Neurotransmitter Controlling Enzymes And Essential Hypertension1051 Words   |  5 Pages Hypertension affects about 20 percent of the adult population placing a high burden on health care systems. CholinesterasesEC 3.1.1.7 and 3.1.1.8(ChEs)catalyze the neurotransmitteracetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, allowing a cholinergic neuron to return to resting state after activation. Monoamine oxidase E.C1.4.3.4 (MAO) is responsible for degradation of endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amines. Nitric oxide(NO) is a gas produced in endothelial cells andRead MoreTypes Of Hypertension And Secondary Hypertension1434 Words   |  6 Pagesestimated that about 25 percent of people worldwide had hypertension and this number is expected to keep rising further increasing the risk for millions in developing cardiovascular disease. There are two main types of hypertension. Secondary hypertension is caused from an underlying disease in the adrenal or renal systems or by use of certain medications. It is resolved when the cause is treated or removed. Primary or essential hypertension is the most common type with the cause being unclear althoughRead MoreHypertension: Mechanical Blood Pressure1413 Words   |  6 PagesHypertension Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure is starting to become a very common cardio vascular diagnosis. Hypertension is classified as a cardiovascular disease caused by elevated blood pressure (Mosbys, 2006, p. 923). Hypertension is more dominant for individuals that have unhealthy lifestyles and have a family history of hypertension. Hypertension is also dominant in individuals that consume more that 5.8 grams of salt per day (Makoff, 2006). Having high blood pressure may causeRead MoreHypertension: The Silent Killer Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageswas a 57-year-old male admitted with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The patient also had a history of hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. The patient is a smoker as well as his family. He has had many problems with trying smoking cessation for years. The patient also has a history of depression and anxiety. The patient has been on many medications to control his hypertension, but it is still out of the nor mal range. This man was in great need of nonpharmacological interventionRead MoreCardiovascular Remodeling Concepts And Clinical Implications1020 Words   |  5 Pageshypertensive heart disease. Circulation 2011; 123 : 327– 334. Article PubMed ISI. 129. Dà ¡vila D, Donis J, Odreman R et., al. Patterns of LVH in essential hypertension. should echo-cardiography guide the pharmacological treatment? Int J Cardiol 2008 ; 124: 134 –138. 130. Lavie C, Ventura H, Messerli F. LVH. Its relationship to obesity hypertension. Post grad Med 1992;91:131-143. 131. Lee M, Gardin J, Lynch J et., al. DM echo-cardiographic LV function in free living, elderly men women. TheRead MoreA Short Note On Diabetes And Adolescent Adolescents1577 Words   |  7 PagesHypertension in Adolescents I. Case Presentation A 16 year old African American male arrives at his pediatrician’s office for a preparticipation physical evaluation. His history includes asthma as a toddler, tonsillectomy in 2010. His mother, grandmother, and uncle all have hypertension. His grandmother has diabetes as well. He has an older brother and younger sister, both are healthy. His father is a paraplegic due to a MVA, otherwise his father has no health issues. The patient vital signsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Hypertension1599 Words   |  7 Pages Psychosomatic disease affects both mind and body; hypertension certainly applies to this due to its effect on both the mind and the body alike. Hypertension occurs when an individual has abnormally and excessively high blood pressure, in which stress is highly related to. High blood pressure can be perilous because it makes the heart work even harder in order to pump blood into your body, which ultimately leads to heart failure or other illnesses such as kidney disease and strokesRead MoreHypertension : Symptoms And Symptoms Of Hypertension1141 Words   |  5 PagesHypertension What is hypertension? Hypertension is another term for high blood pressure. Blood pressure goals vary depending on your age and presence of other medical conditions. For example, the current recommendation for adults age 60, who have no chronic kidney disease or diabetes, is a goal blood pressure below 150/90. For all other adults, including those with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, the goal blood pressure is less than 140/90. Hypertension is exceedingly common in the United

Moral Development and Dilemmas of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example For Students

Moral Development and Dilemmas of Huckleberry Finn Essay The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is based on a young boys coming of age in Missouri of the mid-1800s. This story depicts many serious issues that occur on the dry land of civilization better known as society. As these somber events following the Civil War are told through the young eyes of Huckleberry Finn, he unknowingly develops morally from both the conforming and non-conforming influences surrounding him on his journey to freedom. Hucks moral evolution begins before he ever sets foot on the raft down the Mississippi. His mother has died, and his father is constantly in a drunken state. Huck grows up following his own rules until he moves in with the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. Together, the women attempt to civilize Huck by making him attend school, study religion, and act in a way the women find socially acceptable. However, Hucks free-spirited soul keeps him from joining the constraining and lonely life the two women have in store for him. The freedom Huck seeks in Tom Sawyers gang is nothing more than romantic childs-play. Raiding a caravan of Arabs really means terrorizing young children on a Sunday school picnic, and the stolen joolry is nothing more than turnips or rocks. Huck is disappointed that the adventures Tom promises are not real and so, along with the other members, he resigns from the gang. Still, he ignorantly assumes that Tom is superior to him because of his more suitable family background and fascination with Romantic literature (Twain). Pap and the kidnapping play another big role in Hucks moral development. Pap is completely antisocial and wishes to undo all of the civilizing effects that the Widow and Miss Watson have attempted to instill in him. However, Pap does not symbolize freedom; he promotes drunkenness, prejudice, and abuse. Huck escapes the cabin to search for the freedom he yearns for. It is after he escapes to Jackson Island that he meets the most influential character of the novel, Jim. After conversing, Huck learns things about the runaway slave that he had never been aware of. Jim has a family, dreams, and talents such as knowing all kinds of signs about the future, peoples personalities, and weather forecasting (Twain 69). However, Huck sees Jim as a gullible slave. He plays tricks on him like the rattlesnake event that nearly gets Jim killed. At this point in the novel, Huck still holds the belief that blacks are essentially different from whites. In addition, his conscience reminds him that hes a low-down and dirty abolitionist for helping Jim run away from his owner. Huck does not see that Jim is looking for freedom just as he is (Master Plots). The first adventure Huck and Jim take part in while searching for freedom is the steamboat situation. Huck shows development of character in tricking the watchman into going back to the boat to save the criminals. Even though they are thieves, and plan to murder another man, Huck still feels that the forfeit of their lives would be too great a punishment. Some may see Hucks reaction to the event as crooked but, unlike most of society, Huck Finn sees the good in people and attempts to help them with sincerity and compassion. Getting lost in the fog while floating down the Mississippi River leads to a major turning point in the development of Huck Finns character. Up to this event, he has seen Jim as a lesser person than himself. After trying to deny the fog event to Jim, he says, It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a slave; but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterward, neither (Twain 92). He continues by explaining how he could never do such a thing again. Huck has clearly gained respect for Jim here, which explains the risks he is willing to take for Jim later in the book. A short yet significant scene is when the men on shore want to check Hucks raft for runaway slaves. He escapes by tricking them into thinking that his dad is onboard with smallpox. A Belief System- The Crucible EssayHuckleberry Finn was able to rise above the rest of society. As a young boy, he learned many things about the cruel world, and what freedom really means. Huck will never accept civilization and he will always go back to the safety net of the Mississippi River. Though there were times when he made the wrong decision, the reader must realize that growing up is a trial-and-error. Society has come a long way since the Civil War, and it is important to realize that people like the characters, Jim and Huckleberry Finn, have made freedom accessible to all that need a harbor from the dry limits of society soil (Englewood 53). Although Huckleberry Finn seems to get into a lot of trouble, as he is dishonest at many times throughout the novel, his character seems to melt in the readers hand once his fine moral nature begins to unfold. The game Huck plays drifts him into an occasion of rare moral crisis, where he must choose between violating the entire code of social, religious, conventional behavior which the world has taught him, and betraying the person who needs and loves him most and whom he loves most. He writes a letter which tells Miss Watson that her slave, Jim, is in Mr. Phelps possession. After writing the letter he says: I felt good and all washed clean of sin for the first time I had ever so in my life, and I knowed I could pray now. But I didnt do it straight off but laid the paper down and set there thinking how good it was all this happened so, and how near I come to being lost and going to hell. After studying the letter he then said, All right, then, Ill go to hell and tore it up (Twain 216). Another thing that affected Huck and may have contributed to his unhappiness that brought him over the edge to run away was lack of money. Early on Huck and his father sold his fortune to Judge Thatched for a dollar. This lack of money may have put an even bigger strain on the father, causing him drink his sorrows away and act irrationally towards Huck. This brought on the constant beatings that Huck was forced to endure until he gained the courage to fake his death, and leave his pitiful life back at the mouth of the river. Money also played a part concerning those two swindling crooks, the King and Duke. The king and Duke tried to pass themselves off as being distant relatives. Their new identity would put them at hand with a large amount of cash. Ultimately their cover was revealed. Huck is able to escape unscathed, but the King and Duke werent as fortunate as tar and feathers awaited them (Twain 318). Drinking also plays a part in Hucks dilemmas as the story unravels drinking led Hucks father to beat him. Living in an unhappy situation such as this gave Huck reason to start out on his own adventure. Drinking also led to the Dukes easy admittance of hiding the money. In this situation, the drunkenness exhibited by both characters helped to put a hole in their cover up. While they were questioned and served a heavy punishment, it was really Huck who stole the money before all of their eyes (Master Plots). Throughout the novel Huck overcomes numerous obstacles and endures various negative repercussions to attain both emotional and physical freedom. Twains implied lessons were expressed within Huckleberrys moral dilemmas. The novel ends with a frustrated Huck stating; Aunt Sally shes gonna adopt me and civilize me and I cant stand it. I been there before. Although the novel ends leaving the reader with a sense that Huck is truly free, he will forever be followed by his moral dilemmas.

Frankenstein A Model Of English Romanticism Essays - Romanticism

Frankenstein: A Model Of English Romanticism Frankenstein: A Model of English Romanticism The literary world embraced English romanticism when it began to emerge and was so taken by its elements that it is still a beloved experience for the reader of today. Romanticism ?has crossed all social boundaries,? and it was during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, it found its way into almost every niche in the literary world (Lowy 76). From the beginning of its actuality, ?romanticism has forged its way through many eras including the civil war? (Hall 44). Literature such as ?the famous Gone With The Wind was a good example of romanticism in that era because it had many of the required qualities? but there were others that were even more clear as English Romanticism pieces (Hall 44). There are very few works that have a more accurate portrayal and proof of the importance of English romanticism than Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. While later versions of the stories depicted a central theme of a helpless monster caught in the fears of society the actual depiction of the origin al work was based more closely on the English romantic that was so popular at the time. The importance of emotions and feelings were paramount during the era of English romanticism. In addition autobiographical material was extremely popular. All of these qualities were present in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein including a third and vital underpinning of romanticism, the innocence and exaltation of the common man. An important element of romanticism is the use of flowing feelings. During this time period, men as well as women were full of raw emotions in literary works. They would freely vent their most anguished thoughts and worries. This was evident in several of the chapters in Shelley's portrayal of the life of the monster and the people he encountered. One of the finest examples of romanticism is when the monster who we must remember is only learning emotions for the first time runs from the cottage after startling the occupants. Cursed, cursed creator! Why did I live? Why, in that instant, did I not extinguish the spark of existence which you had so wantonly bestowed? I know not; despair had not yet taken possession of me; my feelings were those of rage and revenge. (Shelley 746) This passage demonstrates feelings that were a common theme during the Romanticist era, the monster was in pain and cursing the day he was created. Another important element of romanticism is the connection of the author to the story. The autobiographical nature of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is at first not openly obvious as it is in many other literary works. One could ask, how a book about a monster could have anything to do with the real life of the author, but if we peel the top layer away and look closely at the undercurrent that is throughout the monster's story it becomes clear that ?Victor Frankensteins creation is symbolic of Mary Shelley's life? (Caprio). Shelley's mother left her at an early age by dying. She had been Shelley's creator in much the same manner that Dr. Frankenstein had been the monster's creator. When the creator of the monster turned his back on him and deserted him he was forced out into the world, much as a small child in that he had limited exposure to anything outside the former security of his home. Shelley too, ?was thrust into the world, when her mother died; the difference is that she was an actual child while the monster was a mental and emotional child? (Hamberg). This uses two of the needed ingredients for romanticism, autobiographical ideas and imagery. The book may also be a representation of a fear of childbirth felt by the author. This would not be surprising given that her own mother died giving birth to Shelley. It would explain the monster's creation and in fact the very reason he is a monster at all. Shelley may have viewed herself as a monster who was so hideous that she killed her own mother being born. This would fit right in with the autobiographical themes that were so prevalent during the English Romanticism era of that period (Caprio). In addition one of the side themes of

Study Guide for The Piano Lesson Play

Study Guide for 'The Piano Lesson' Play The Piano Lesson is part of August Wilsons cycle of 10 plays known as the Pittsburg Cycle. Each play explores the lives of African-American families. The dramas take place in a different decade, from the early 1900s until the 1990s. The Piano Lesson premiered in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theatre. Overview of the Play Set in Pittsburg during 1936, The Piano Lesson centers on the conflicting wills of a brother and sister (Boy Willie and Berniece) as they vie for possession of their familys most important heirloom, the piano. Boy Willie wants to sell the piano. With the money, he plans to buy land from the Sutters, a white family whose patriarch helped murder Boy Willies father. Berniece, 35, insists that the piano will stay in her home. She even pockets her late husbands gun to ensure the pianos security. So, why the power struggle over a musical instrument? To answer that, one must understand the history of Berniece and Boy Willys family (the Charles family), as well as a symbolic analysis of the piano. The Story of the Piano During Act One, Boy Willys Uncle Doaker recounts a series of tragic events in their familys history. During the 1800s, the Charles family was owned by a farmer named Robert Sutter. As an anniversary present, Robert Sutter traded two slaves for a piano. The exchanged slaves were Boy Willies grandfather (who was only 9 years old at the time) and great-grandmother (after whom Berniece was named). Mrs. Sutter loved the piano, but she missed the company of her slaves. She became so upset she refused to get out of bed. When Robert Sutter was unable to trade back the slaves, he gave a special task to Boy Willies great-grandfather (after whom Boy Willie was named). Boy Willies great-grandfather was a gifted carpenter and artist. Robert Sutter ordered him to carve pictures of the slaves into the wood of the piano so that Mrs. Sutter would not miss them as much. Of course, Boy Willies great-grandfather missed his family more earnestly than the slave owners. So, he carved beautiful portraits of his wife and child, as well as other images: His mother, Mama EstherHis father, Boy CharlesHis marriageHis sons birthHis mothers funeralThe day his family was taken away In short, the piano is more than an heirloom; it is a work of art, embodying the familys joy and heartache. Taking the Piano After the Civil War, members of the Charles family continued to live and work in the south. Three grandchildren of the aforementioned slaves are important characters of The Piano Lesson. The three brothers are: Boy Charles: The father of Boy Willie and Berniece.Doaker: A longtime railroad worker who has for all intents and purposes retired from the worldWining Boy: A lousy gambler and formerly-talented musician. During the 1900s, Boy Charles constantly complained about the Sutter familys ownership of the piano. He believed that the Charles family was still enslaved so long as the Sutters kept the piano, symbolically holding the Charles family legacy hostage. On July 4, the three brothers took the piano away while the Sutters enjoyed a family picnic. Doaker and Wining Boy transported the piano to another county, but Boy Charles stayed behind. That night, Sutter and his posse set fire to Boy Charles home. Boy Charles attempted to escape by train (the 3:57 Yellow Dog, to be exact), but Sutters men blocked the railroad. They set fire to the boxcar, murdering Boy Charles and four homeless men. Over the next 25 years, the murderers met a dreadful fate of their own. Some of them mysteriously fell down their own well. A rumor spread that the Ghosts of the Yellow Dog sought revenge. Others contend that ghosts had nothing to do with the death of Sutter and his men - that living and breathing men threw them into a well. Throughout The Piano Lesson, Sutters ghost appears to each of the characters. His presence can be seen as a supernatural character or the symbolic remnant of an oppressive society that still attempts to intimidate the Charles family.

How Engineering improve the safety of dangerous sports Research Paper

How Engineering improve the safety of dangerous sports - Research Paper Example Sports can be thrilling and a useful way of spending your time. Even though sports are mainly meant to be harmless and a source of joy, some of them are very risky to those taking part in them. Some of the dangerous sports include bicycle motocross where the cyclist performs hazardous tricks while in the air, racing like in formula 1 in which accidents have been fatal, big wave surfing, football, volcano boarding, tennis, ice hockey, skateboarding and basketball. In my view, engineering has been very helpful in reducing the amount of injuries in sports. The number of injuries reported in recent years have been less compared to those reported when the advancement in engineering field wasn’t as much. Engineers have come up with ways that have improved our safety in many sports that are generally considered dangerous and harmful. This developments have resulted in many people getting involved in such sports and of course I have been encouraged too given am safer now when am enjoying my sport. Looking at football for example, engineers have come up with helmets that can protect the player’s skull from fracture during those strong tackles. Helmets that can prevent concussions are also being developed thus improving the safety of players. This has been a very vital research as risks of death are reduced. The players also wear mouth guards made by engineers to protect themselves from losing teeth and some protective gear on other parts of body. Comparing modern day football and that from back then, I would actually want to be a football player in this days due to safety concerns. In motor racing, those cars are a lot safer now due to efforts done by engineers do ensure safety of drivers. There have been development of safety helmets, fire extinguishers in the race cars, racing uniforms that wouldn’t catch fire easily in the case that the vehicle caught fire during the

Article's summary in (international economic field) Essay

Article's summary in (international economic field) - Essay Example 2). However, using buildings as an example, it was evident that the economies of scale seem to become inapplicable up to a certain extent where the construction of higher buildings apparently becomes more costly and inefficient. In cases of large organizations, the article revealed that organizations that have continued to expand through mergers and acquisitions could only be evaluated in terms of viably realizing economies of scale through the concept of the cost function. As noted, the relationship requires the need â€Å"to estimate how output levels influence the costs of production in a competitive industry† (Land of the corporate giants par. 6). However, due to differences in inputs and outputs as determined by the kind of industry some organizations are categorized in, the cost function is a challenging way to gauge the applicability of economies of scale. Overall, large organizations have been reported to justify continued merger and acquisitions by the ability to limit and restrict competitors and to dictate market prices. The article â€Å"IMF warns of threat to global economies posed by austerity drives† written by Elliot and published online in The Guardian presented issues that have been recommended by 11 international leaders headed by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with a recommendation of boosting much needed global economic growth. As revealed, the current practices exemplified by different developed countries focus on protectionism and trade barriers which do not encourage international economic expansion. As indicated, after reviewing the economic indices and thrusts exhibited by various governments, it was evident that more focus was centered on â€Å"decelerating global growth and rising uncertainty; high unemployment, especially youth unemployment, with all its negative economic and social consequences; potential resort to inward-looking protectionist policies† (Elliot par.

Structure And Organization Of The Petroleum Industry Economics Essay

Structure And Organization Of The Petroleum Industry Economics Essay From driving industries globally to heating our homes and fuelling our cars, oil plays a major role in our lives as consumers but most people are yet to ask themselves how the industry that produces this oil has evolved to what it is now. The petroleum industry has evolved overtime and the use of its products has also grown to become an essential part of todays global economy (Business and Economic Research Advisor, 2006). The petroleum industry is involved in the global business of discovering oil, extracting it from the subsurface, refining it into a variety of useable products, distributing it through pipelines and oil tankers, and finally marketing it for public use (Wikipedia, 2010). While some companies in the industry (integrated companies) perform all these functions, others only perform one or some of them (independents) (Davies, 1999). The source of energy that currently provides most of the worlds energy demands as well as raw material that the petroleum and chemical industries refine into a variety of essential industrial and chemical products came with the development of the petroleum industry in the nineteenth and twentieth century. These products include amongst others fertilizers, pesticides, solvents, pharmaceuticals and plastics. Products derived from crude oil refining are grouped into gasoline (motor spirit/fuel), heating oil, middle distillates (jet fuel, diesel for vehicles and other motor engines), kerosene for cooking and fuel oil (boiler fuel for industry, power and shipping). According to the American Petroleum Institute, the industry is divided into sectors that cover all the procedures involved in finding, producing, processing, transporting and marketing oil and gas. These include: upstream- involved in exploration and production of oil and gas using advanced geology to high-tech offshore drilling platforms; downstream- involved in refining and marketing. It also includes the transportation of products using tankers from local terminals to service stations and ownership and operations in retail outlets; pipeline- involved in the movement of oil from ocean platforms and wells on land to refineries and finally to terminals where they are released to retail outlets; marine- comprises all aspects of petroleum and its products movement by water, including port operations, maritime fighting and oil spill response; service and supply- includes companies that provide supplies, services, design and engineering support for exploration, drilling, refining and oth er operations. Prior to oil being commercially discovered and drilled in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania, which saw the birth of the modern petroleum industry, natural petroleum served the primary purpose of kerosene for lighting and heating. In the early twentieth century, the use of coal as the worlds primary energy source was eventually replaced by oil and as gasoline for the newly invented internal combustion engine (Jones, 2005). Oil and gas development has evolved overtime. Their use has also grown to become an essential part of todays global economy. As oil and gas powers todays economy, its availability and control was important in both world wars and it still remains the critical fuel source that powers industry and transportation (BERA, 2006). With oil being commercially available in the US, the first major oil company, the Standard Oil Company was formed by J.D Rockefeller in 1870 and United States became the worlds giant in oil production until the end of World War two when the Middle East countries took the lead. The post world war era witnessed the union of Anglo-Saxon companies called the Seven Sisters as coined by Enrico Mattei, an Italian entrepreneur. They included four companies and three others ( Standard Oil Companies of New Jersey- Esso, New York- SOCONY, and California- SOCAL) formed by the break-up of Standard Oil Company in 1911 by the U.S government when the Companys operations were declared monopolistic and infringing the Countrys unique antitrust law as of then (Jones, 2005). The Seven sisters were vertically integrated international companies according to Jones (2005) that arose because of the need to ensure efficient operations of the refineries to assure and manage oil flows, secure outlets for crude oil and adjust to short-run changes in the demand for different products in different areas. They were involved at all stages in the industry from exploration and production of crude oil to marketing the products to its final consumers. They also diversified into fertilizers, pe trochemicals and other industries that utilized petroleum derivatives as raw materials. Except in North America and the communist countries, the seven sisters were responsible for 85% of gross crude oil production and 72% of refinery globally in the 1950s and they all made the list in the 1956 ranking of the worlds largest industrial firms by revenue (Jones, 2005). Intra-firm trades and the vertically integrated status of the multinationals had began to decline at the beginning of the 1950s as host governments policies to increase ownership and control over resources did not favour them. This was the period of nationalization with the majors, who had been strong players in the Middle East and other OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries, being dealt massive blows by the nationalization of assets in the Middle East and other countries (Davies, 1999). From the late 1960s, this trend led to the expropriation of foreign assets (nationalization without compensation) and the formation of national cartels intended to enhance the bargaining power of host countries against the seven sisters. A typical case was the formation of OPEC in 1960 by Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia. They were involved in product pricing and quota sharing but overtime their influence was no more successful than the seven sisters in price re gulation in the long-run (Jones, 2005). The state owned national oil companies sprung up as a result of the nationalization during this period and foreign ownership of resources declined. Significant in the industrys development in the 70s and 80s was a change in the corporate structure of the industry and the policies of the host governments. New entrants emerged as the industry became more global in nature. Other world markets in Europe, Asia and Russia and began to play a much greater role and the seven sisters now had competitors. Amongst these were the U.S European State-owned oil companies like ENI, Italys AGIP and Frances CFP. Others who joined the competition for concession and market were independents like the U.S Occidental, Getty Oil, Continental and Amerada. Their involvement, increased the bargaining power of producer governments, weakened the control of multinationals over world oil prices and made the industry highly competitive forcing the incumbent multinationals to diversify into other industries but this was hardly successful (Jones, 2005). Despite the extensive global changes in the technology, markets and geopolitics, the structure of the industry had remained fairly intact some few years ago but in 1998/99 a period of corporate consolidation was introduced bring an abrupt end to this era of fair constancy (Davies,1999). From a series of mergers and acquisition between 1998 and 2002 in response to a severe deflation in oil prices was the emergence of the super majors in the industry. They included non-state owned companies like British Petroleum (BP), Total, ConocoPhilips, Royal Dutch Shell, ExxonMobil and Chevron. In an attempt to hedge against oil price volatility, improve economies of scale and reduce large cash reserves through reinvestment, they began merging in the nineties. BP acquired Amoco in 1998. From a merger of Esso and Mobil, ExxonMobil arose in 1999. Total Fina Elf arose from the merger between Total, Petrofina and Elf Aquitaine in 2000. A merger of Chevron and Texaco in 2001 created Chevron Texaco and finally in 2002 Conoco Inc. and Philips Petroleum Company became ConocoPhilips (Wikipedia, 2010). In some cases, these mergers at the micro-level increased profit but they were insufficient at having a major impact upon corporate level returns and profitability (Davie, 1999). Presently, the only survivors of the seven sisters are BP, Shell, ExxonMobil and Chevron contributing only 10% of the worlds oil and gas production and they hold only 3% of reserves with the states from developing countries owning the remainder. This notwithstanding, their integrated nature pushes their revenue higher than those of the new entrants (Jones, 2005). An interesting development as reported by the financial times of March 11, 2007 is the existence of the new seven sisters. They have become the most influential state-owned companies controlling nearly a third of the worlds oil and gas production. They include Gazprom (Russia), National Iranian Oil Company (Iran), Saudi Aramco (Saudi Arabia), Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Malaysia), China National Petroleum Company (CNPC), Petroleos de Venezuela, (Venezuela) and Petroleo Brasileiro, Brazil (Wikipedia, 2010). From current trend of events, the industry is still evolving and further change is anticipated by some factors discussed herein. Firstly, oil reserves will decline because of the increased demand for petroleum resources globally. This will prove the Peak oil theory propounded by M. Hubbert in 1965. Regrettably, this has been unsubstantiated because of the continuous oil finds being made in other parts of the world and technological advancement which has allowed old oilfields once thought as depleted to be produced. Secondly, exploring in some parts of the world where finds has been made will require complex and cutting-edge technology making exploration difficult, expensive and highly risky. This may only favour the large companies as they will be equipped financially and technologically. Thirdly, the future petroleum industry will be increasingly competitive for oil prospect which may favour the super majors as they possess more technical know-how, finance and popularity. Nevertheless, the nationally-owned companies (NOCs) may be a strong match for them as they are supported by their state governments and also have the wherewithal to seek for concession. Fourthly, the wish of some countries to create their own oil companies and the concern about energy security is likely to increase resource nationalism in the near future. Unfortunately, this will be a minus for the super majors but a plus for the NOCs. As aftermaths of these possible future changes, there are likely to be more mergers and acquisitions, drop in the quota contributed by the individually-owned multinationals, shift of investment from petroleum to alternative energy forms and complete diversification of the majors from production to become companies servicing the NOCs. In conclusion, the petroleum industry plays a vital role in driving worldwide economy because its resources are considered amongst the worlds most important. This importance attached to petroleum would be reduced if the world diversified to alternative energy forms, some of which are renewable. This will not only reduce the influence of the industrys giant but it will also prolong the life of petroleum reserves, encourage the use of alternative energy such as natural gas, wind and nuclear power, and make our environments safe by reducing air pollution, global warming, acid rain and other environmental issues. Despite participation by the NOCs in international oil markets, the industrys boundaries have widened. There are potentials for the majors to improve their profitability but they will not have the unique advantages that could allow them dominate the industry (Davies, 1999). From the popular saying, change is the only constant thing in nature, the petroleum industry has had its fair share of structural and organizational changes over the past years, which has resulted in the industry having the state-owned companies, five supermajors, over a dozen large independents (e.g Amerada Hess, Marathon etc) and small independents (e.g Anadarko, Talisman, Lasco, British Borneo etc) and the specialist firms (e.g Schlumberger, Weatherford, Halliburton etc) as its current structure.

Sophocles :: essays research papers

	In 495 B.C. there was a child born about a mile outside of Athens. This child was to be named Sophocles. He was a boy whose father was a wealthy merchant. He now had the opportunity to enjoy all of life's greatest expectations in the Greek empire. Being that he was from a wealthy family, he had the chance to study all of the arts. By the time Sophocles reached his late teens, he was already known for his charm and elegance and was honored by being chosen to lead a challenging group of young men at a celebration of the victory of Salamis. When Sophocles reached the late twenties, he was ready to compete in the City Dionysia, which is a celebration held every year at the theater of Dionysus in which new plays are presented all of the time. This was to show how successful Sophocles was in his acting career. During his first competition, Sophocles had the honor of competing against the great Aeschylus himself and defeated him taking first place. There would be many more plays to follow this accomplishment and Sophocles would walk home with nothing less than a second place. 	Sophocles, noted as being a talented actor, performed in many of his own plays. In one of his plays called, "The Woman Washing Clothes," he performed a juggling act that was talked about all over town for many years because the audience was so fascinated. But before you knew it Sophocles was to take another route and end his acting career to venture elsewhere. For many years Sophocles served as a dictated priest in the service of two heroes named Alcon and Asclepius, who was the god of medicine. Not only did he do this but he also served on the Board of Generals which was a committee that administered civil and military affairs in Athens. For some time after that, Sophocles was the director of the Treasury. This was where Sophocles controlled the funds of the association of states which were to be known as the Delian Confederacy. Being one of the great innovators of the theatre, Sophocles was the first playwright to add a third actor to his plot. In doing this, he a nnulled the trilogic form. For example, Aeschylus used three tragedies to explain a single story. Sophocles preferred to make each tragedy a complete entry in itself.

One Laptop Per Child

Technology in Classrooms: One Laptop per Child-A Failed Idea? Is the use of technology benefiting the students in classrooms today or is It taking away from their education? Should students be allowed to have easy access to a computer during a lecture to find relevant information or is it a distraction that puts their attention onto something completely off subject? It has certainly been argued both ways. As technology becomes more prominent In everyday life, the global world changes at the same time. Third world, developing countries have begun to see this hang, and are starting to accept It.One proposed start-up for Introducing technology Into the classrooms of these countries was the One Laptop per Child, a nonprofit organization that alms to provide laptops for the children of developing countries (â€Å"One Laptop per Child†). Technology has certainly changed education, Thither Garments, a faculty member of a Montreal school, asserts the use of laptops and technology In s chool classrooms allows for academic success. He claims that by using computers concentration and motivation has increased as well as a way of successful teaching students important ND valuable computer skills (in â€Å"Laptops in school classes improve scores†).Robert Imaginer speaks on the behalf of students saying that they are more eager to integrate the use of computers into school because they are motivated to learn from it, they typically already know how to use one before starting school, and they are more likely to learn and understand the importance of technology which will help them with any future academic and employment opportunities. Imaginer claims that students have shown great excitement and are very curious in the classrooms with the introduction of computers.He said that teachers are seeing less and less absenteeism and behavioral issues through this technological learning style (Imaginer). The use of technology is becoming more, and more valuable, as we ge t older and get busier, the use of computers help manage our everyday, somewhat complicated lives no matter if we are in the classroom or not. While some strongly agree that computers are a good thing and should be used in every school classroom, there are also those who disagree by providing reasons why computers will not help in educating students.Paul Lam reported that both teachers ND students worry that computers in the classroom will be very distracting. Students agreed, saying that computers would take their attention away from what their teacher was saying. Teachers noticed that when computers were allowed during class time, students weren't looking up, and they would smile at the computer screen, or be typing during Inappropriate times (Lam). Yes, computers are useful, but they take attention away from Important lectures and class time. It's Important for these third world countries such as India, Peru, Kenya, and Afghanistan to continue to grow with this global change.Tech nology Is being used more. And more, and it can be very helpful improving education especially in these countries. Even though they are at different stages of developing, as the world moves forward in development, countries to be ready to incorporate those changes. Technology is a new and very big change, it is one change, but a very important one not only have access to it, but to also know how to effectively and efficiently use it. Everyone, everywhere can benefit it; sometimes it Just takes time to figure out the best way. Integrating technology is an issue all on it's own.Countries may want to eave the ability to access technology, and Western cultures may want to push the use of technology, but it's not always that easy. Technology has quickly taken over the world that we live in, we use it everyday, everywhere. The program, One Laptop per Child was designed to send low-cost, specially designed laptops to children in developing third world countries. According to the OLAP websi te, their â€Å"mission is to empower the world's poorest children through education† (â€Å"One Laptop per Child†) by providing them with this laptop.Kenneth Kramer says that OLAP put in a lot of effort to design a computer that loud withstand both the different and difficult conditions in a developing world country environment. Kramer stated that the designers had a great understanding of what developing countries needed when it comes to introducing technology. The computers are sealed, made to keep dirt out. The screen can read in bright sunlight, runs on very low power, and has a built in wireless system (Kramer). What's the best part? These computers were set to be only $100, completely affordable, right?The governments of these countries can purchase the computers and they can afford to give them to all the children. They have an important goal that no one is left out. All children should be able to experience the use of technology. One MIT professor, and adviser to the OLAP, Seymour Appear, talked about the benefits of the program saying that through the use of computers children can do anything, they â€Å"will take charge of knowledge† (Appear). With this program they will have access to computers, and they will have their own computer all the time.This will allow students everywhere, especially in developing countries to learn (Appear). Of course there are many cons and negative feedback based upon this program. There are always going to be two sides and it's important to look and understand both of them. From the New York Times, flogger David Vogue says it perfectly by saying, â€Å"think again. This laptop is not intended for the sneaky floggers. This laptop is intended for poor kids in other countries. And for that, I say it's amazing' (Vogue, 03:43).Nicholas Negotiate, founder of OLAP, says that these computers have now been distributed to 2,000 students across the globe, in 40 different countries, and available in 25 differ ent languages. Negotiate goes on to say that 25% of teachers in developing countries re illiterate and have very poor education. The other 25% teaching didn't finish school themselves, someone teacher fifth grade may only have a sixth grade education. These computers will not Just teach students, it will allow non-student adults to learn too.Negotiate said that we he first started this project people told him that you can't Just build a laptop that is connected, give it a kid and walk away. He responded with, â€Å"you know what, you can, you actually can, and we have found that kids in the remotest part of the world, when given that connected not only teach homeless how to read and write, but most importantly, thy teach their parents how to read and write† (Negotiate 2010, 03:52). In a separate interview, Nicholas Negotiate says that the most important part of this project isn't that children will have their own laptop, it's that this will become a part of society.This proje ct has education (Negotiate 2009). One Laptop per Child, has been widely criticized by many for not actually helping children. Jeffery James, quoted in a Journal article by Jeanine Renders, argues that the OLAP program leads to too much time spent focusing on computers and rumoring the use of the Western technology and way of life that not enough effort will be put into other forms of education that are of equal or greater importance (Renders). Lisa Marie Allen argues that Western cultures have a long history of trying to put their values, beliefs and way of life into non-western cultures.They are constantly exploring different ways to â€Å"help† these developing counties, when in reality they have little knowledge or understand of these third world countries, which are at a completely different stage of development. What Westerners believe to be a rarity, these non-western countries don't see as a priority. She states that in many countries such as Ghana, education is not a priority. Many children need to stay home, do chores and work for their families. They are not concerned with being computer literate (Allen).Eileen and Michael Benson continued this argument, by saying that OLAP believes that, â€Å"one educational model is suitable for all educational environments and that the latest educational approach should displace, historic, locally developed teaching approaches† (Person, 243). Pelham agrees saying that Hess countries don't need laptops, building schools and libraries is a bigger priority and will be more beneficial for students in developing countries. These students will go without pencils and paper while the computers end up being sold on the black market. Bringing laptops to the world's poorest children could be the educational equivalent of delivering cans of food to people who have no can-openers† (Pelham, 76). Paula Cook Mackinac talks about why teachers in developing countries have a hard time bringing the use of laptop s into their education plans. Mackinac says hey have very little knowledge about how to use computers themselves, let alone having to teach young students how to use them. Teachers said they need technological support if they want to incorporate technology in school classrooms of these developing countries, and they don't have it (Mackinac).Did One Laptop Per Child fail or succeed with their mission? It's up to individual interpretation and what is or should be important, as well as what has happened versus what was supposed to happen. Yes, computers were distributed to over 2,000 children throughout the world, and they have definitely learned from it. Many resources say it failed and they critique every aspect, but why did it fail? Computers were distributed and studies have showed that children learned from them. Sure, developing countries could use buildings, food and water more, but education is important.These laptops are Just one part of helping developing countries more forwa rd with the rest of the world. In reality, there isn't enough information to say for certain if this project truly failed or succeed. It would definitely be beneficial to research and find out exactly what happened with OLAP. Did students benefit from the program and the use of computers? Or did they slowly fade out? Do computers in class actually help students? What do advocates and critics think about OLAP and technology in classrooms?The more interest an issue gets, the more information, research, and solutions will be made or educational problems of the world's poor† (Weyerhaeuser, 46). Weyerhaeuser continues by saying the process of improving education with technology is at a very early stage. To make such a change will take time and the use of several different professionals (Weyerhaeuser). One Laptop per Child is definitely an area of study that should be continued. This is a program that needs to succeed, education is key for children and everyone has the right to one.

What Is the Anthropic Principle

The anthropic principle is the belief that, if we take human life as a given condition of the universe, scientists may use this as the starting point to derive expected properties of the universe as being consistent with creating human life. It is a principle which has an important role in cosmology, specifically in trying to deal with the apparent fine-tuning of the universe. Origin of the Anthropic Principle The phrase anthropic principle was first proposed in 1973 by Australian physicist Brandon Carter. He proposed this on the 500th anniversary of the birth of Nicolaus Copernicus, as a contrast to the Copernican principle that is viewed as having demoted humanity from any sort of privileged position within the universe. Now, its not that Carter thought humans had a central position in the universe. The Copernican principle was still basically intact. (In this way, the term anthropic, which means relating to mankind or the period of mans existence, is somewhat unfortunate, as one of the quotes below indicates.) Instead, what Carter had in mind was merely that the fact of human life is one piece of evidence which cannot, in and of itself, be completely discounted. As he said, Although our situation is not necessarily central, it is inevitably privileged to some extent. By doing this, Carter really called into question an unfounded consequence of the Copernican principle. Prior to Copernicus, the standard viewpoint was that the Earth was a special place, obeying fundamentally different physical laws than all the rest of the universe - the heavens, the stars, the other planets, etc. With the decision that the Earth was not fundamentally different, it was very natural to assume the opposite: All regions of the universe are identical. We could, of course, imagine a lot of universes that have physical properties that dont allow for human existence. For example, perhaps the universe could have formed so that the electromagnetic repulsion was stronger than the attraction of the strong nuclear interaction? In this case, protons would push each other apart instead of bonding together into an atomic nucleus. Atoms, as we know them, would never form ... and thus no life! (At least as we know it.) How can science explain that our universe isnt like this? Well, according to Carter, the very fact that we can ask the question means that we obviously cannot be in this universe ... or any other universe that makes it impossible for us to exist. Those other universes could have formed, but we wouldnt be there to ask the question. Variants of the Anthropic Principle Carter presented two variants of the anthropic principle, which have been refined and modified much over the years. The wording of the two principles below is my own, but I think captures the key elements of the main formulations: Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP): Observed scientific values must be able to allow there to exist at least one region of the universe that has physical properties allowing humans to exist, and we exist within that region.Strong Anthropic Principle (WAP): The universe must have properties that allow life to exist within it at some point. The Strong Anthropic Principle is highly controversial. In some ways, since we do exist, this becomes nothing more than a truism. However, in their controversial 1986 book The Cosmological Anthropic Principle, physicists John Barrow and Frank Tipler claim that the must isnt just a fact based on observation in our universe, but rather a fundamental requirement for any universe to exist. They base this controversial argument largely on quantum physics and the Participatory Anthropic Principle (PAP) proposed by physicist John Archibald Wheeler. A Controversial Interlude - Final Anthropic Principle If you think that they couldnt get more controversial than this, Barrow and Tipler go much further than Carter (or even Wheeler), making a claim which holds very little credibility in the scientific community as a fundamental condition of the universe: Final Anthropic Principle (FAP): Intelligent information-processing must come into existence in the Universe, and, once it comes into existence, it will never die out. There is really no scientific justification for believing that the Final Anthropic Principle holds any scientific significance. Most believe it is little more of a theological claim dressed up in vaguely scientific clothing. Still, as an intelligent information-processing species, I suppose it might not hurt to keep our fingers crossed on this one ... at least until we develop intelligent machines, and then I suppose even the FAP might allow for a robot apocalypse. Justifying the Anthropic Principle As stated above, the weak and strong versions of the anthropic principle are, in some sense, really truisms about our position in the universe. Since we know that we exist, we can make certain specific claims about the universe (or at least our region of the universe) based upon that knowledge. I think the following quote well sums up the justification for this stance: Obviously, when the beings on a planet that supports life examine the world around them, they are bound to find that their environment satisfies the conditions they require to exist. It is possible to turn that last statement into a scientific principle: Our very existence imposes rules determining from where and at what time it is possible for us to observe the universe. That is, the fact of our being restricts the characteristics of the kind of environment in which we find ourselves. That principle is called the weak anthropic principle.... A better term than anthropic principle would have been selection principle, because the principle refers to how our own knowledge of our existence imposes rules that select, out of all the possible environment, only those environments with the characteristics that allow life. -- Stephen Hawking Leonard Mlodinow, The Grand Design The Anthropic Principle in Action The key role of the anthropic principle in cosmology is in helping to provide an explanation for why our universe has the properties it does. It used to be that cosmologists really believed they would discover some sort of fundamental property that set the unique values we observe in our universe ... but this has not happened. Instead, it turns out that there are a variety of values in the universe that seem to require a very narrow, specific range for our universe to function the way it does. This has become known as the fine-tuning problem, in that it is a problem to explain how these values are so finely-tuned for human life. Carters anthropic principle allows for a wide range of theoretically possible universes, each containing different physical properties, and ours belongs to the (relatively) small set of them that would allow for human life. This is the fundamental reason that physicists believe there are probably multiple universes. (See our article: Why Are There Multiple Universes?) This reasoning has become very popular among not only cosmologists, but also the physicists involved in string theory. Physicists have found that there are so many possible variants of string theory (perhaps as many as 10500, which really boggles the mind ... even the minds of string theorists!) that some, notably Leonard Susskind, have begun to adopt the viewpoint that there is a vast string theory landscape, which leads to multiple universes and anthropic reasoning should be applied in evaluating scientific theories related to our place in this landscape. One of the best examples of anthropic reasoning came when Stephen Weinberg used it to predict the expected value of the cosmological constant and got a result that predicted a small but positive value, which didnt fit with the expectations of the day. Nearly a decade later, when physicists discovered the expansion of the universe was accelerating, Weinberg realized that his earlier anthropic reasoning had been spot on: ... Shortly after the discovery of our accelerating universe, physicist Stephen Weinberg proposed, based on an argument he had developed more than a decade earlier–before the discovery of dark energy–that ... perhaps the value of the cosmological constant that we measure today were somehow anthropically selected. That is, if somehow there were many universes, and in each universe the value of the energy of empty space took a randomly chosen value based on some probability distribution among all possible energies, then only in those universes in which the value is not that different from what we measure would life as we know it be able to evolve.... Put another way, it is not too surprising to find that we live in a universe in which we can live! -- Lawrence M. Krauss, Criticisms of the Anthropic Principle Theres really no shortage of critics of the anthropic principle. In two very popular critiques of string theory, Lee Smolins The Trouble With Physics and Peter Woits Not Even Wrong, the anthropic principle is cited as one of the major points of contention. The critics do make a valid point that the anthropic principle is something of a dodge, because it reframes the question that science normally asks. Instead of looking for specific values and the reason why those values are what they are, it instead allows for an entire range of values as long as theyre consistent with an already-known end result. There is something fundamentally unsettling about this approach.